Summer 1999 MAPS

ANTHROPOLOGY: "Media, Monuments, and Scottish National Identity." Brooke Heaton, Laurelin Muir, Elizabeth Neerland, Lara Ratzlaff, Sarah Silberman, Kristina Valada-Viars [Professor Douglas Caulkins]. Sited in Central Scotland for six weeks, this ten-week project studied six different aspects of contemporary Scottish identity in the wake of the recent establishment of a separate parliament for Scotland. These projects focused on 1) competing national discourses, 2) changes in social capital, 3) growth in Scottish theatre and art, 4), ethnic minorities, 5) youth culture and political interest, and 6) mobilization of political parties, all in relation to Scottish identity. These studies were carried out against a backdrop of media productions such as Mel Gibson's 1996 Academy-Award-winning film Braveheart about the 12th century Scottish hero William Wallace, and the political and commercial appropriation of the media event to celebrate Scottish identity and Scottish nationalism. All the students turned in an inventory of all the interviews that he or she did, and all of the information collected. All students also wrote brief sections for a collaborative paper to be completed in 2000-2001. The foundations of this research project are described in Douglas Caulkins, "Student-faculty Research Collaboration in a Liberal Arts College," Anthropology of Work Review, XIX (4) 18-23.

Elizabeth Neerland: During fall semester 1999 Elizabeth wrote a senior thesis using her data. The thesis is entitled "Diversity in Post-Devolutionary Scottish Identity: A Grid-Group Analysis."

Laurelin Muir: "Ethnic Identity in the 'New' Scotland." Laurelin wrote a research paper on her materials for the Theories of Culture course during fall semester 1999.

Lara Ratzlaff: "Mobilizing Youth in the 'New' Scotland." Lara wrote a paper on her topic.

Sarah Silberman: "Social Capital in the 'New' Scotland." Sarah and Douglas
Caulkins wrote a paper entitled "Social Capital in Post-Devolutionary Scotland: Increasing or Decreasing?"

Brooke Heaton: "Political Parties in the 'New' Scotland." Brooke wrote an analysis of his field materials in a paper for an independent project in Political Science, directed by Professor Robert Grey.

Kristina Valada-Viars: "Arts and Theatre in the 'New' Scotland."
Kristina completed an impressive set of expert interviews and wrote an abstract for a collaborative paper to be completed in 2000-2001.


ANTHROPOLOGY: "Grid/Group Analysis of American Immigrant Cultures." Christina Peters [Professor Douglas Caulkins]. The project addresses adaptive strategies of North American ethnic groups (Chinese, Korean, Serbian, etc.), using grid/group analysis or culture theory. The goal of this project was to develop measures for grid (external constraint by rules) and group (embeddedness within a group or social network) and value orientations (hierarchical, individualistic, egalitarian, and fatalistic) that can be used for secondary analysis of existing case studies and data collections such as the Electronic Human Relations Area Files. Christina developed measures for all three of the variables in this research and coded all ten of the American immigrant cultures available in the current edition of the Electronic Human Relations Area Files. She and Caulkins carried out further research during fall semester of 1999 to test hypotheses concerning the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurship among immigrant groups. Christina presented the findings at the Society for Cross-Cultural Research meetings in New Orleans, February 24-27, 2000.

ANTHROPOLOGY: "The Artistic Representation of Prehistoric Puebloan Children." Danielle Long [Professor Kathryn Kamp]. Danielle spent the summer working on a project studying the representation of prehistoric Puebloan children. She systematically recorded museum displays and book illustrations using a quantitative and qualitative analysis sheet that she and Professor Kamp collaborated on. In addition, through volunteer activities for the archaeologists at the Kaibab National Forest, she looked at a variety of prehistoric sites and artifacts. The culmination of the project was a paper discussing the ways the prehistoric Puebloan children have traditionally been depicted and a series of illustrations of prehistoric Puebloan life which include representations of children.

BIOLOGY: "Prairie Restoration and Insects." Idelle Cooper and Elizabeth Roeder [Professor Jonathan "Jackie" Brown]. Various prairie management practices were investigated to determine what practices would most benefit the insect populations on the remaining prairies. The students measured the aboveground and belowground insect abundance and diversity in the prairies located at the Conard Environmental Research Area (CERA) in central Iowa. Data was collected from annually burned prairies, unburned prairies, and prairies burned at multiple year intervals. Data was also collected from mowed burned prairies and moved unburned prairies, and compared to the burned and unburned data from unmowed areas. The students discovered that the two management practices had different effects on different groups of anthropods and that these effects had different duration for different taxonomic groups. They tried to relate this variation in response to the types of interactions different groups of anthropods have with the plant community. Their conclusion was that one type of management practice was unlikely to benefit all groups - rather a mixture of practices applied as a mosaic over a managed landscape was the best solution for maximizing diversity of these important members of grassland ecosystems. Two papers were written in the style of scientific journal articles. Both students presented a talk entitled "The Effects of Burning and Mowing on Aboveground and Below Ground Arthropod Populations in a Reconstructured Prairie" as part of the Biology Department's seminar series, November 2000.

BIOLOGY: "Pollinator Populations at the Conard Environmental Research (CERA): Restoration Benchmarks." Tor Janson [Professor Jonathan "Jackie" Brown and Professor Liz Queathem]. This project involved a comparative butterfly survey of CERA and local prairies as a way to evaluate the success of our prairie reconstructions. He developed this project in early spring and was able to start immediately at the beginning of summer with data gathering. The goal of this project was to draw comparisons both among different sites within CERA and between other Iowa sites and use transect counts to sample adult butterfly populations, and sample plots to census flowering forbs and caterpillar populations. It was found that CERA hosted a diversity of butterfly species, including species considered "remnant-dependent" (i.e. species not found in agricultural, disturbed or degraded habitat), not so distinct from local prairie remnants. A late season comparison with a large prairie restoration project in western Iowa allowed him, however, to interpret these results in more sobering ways. Both CERA and local remnant prairies were relatively depauperate in species. These findings concerning standard restoration practices, especially the use of fire, and long-term effects of habitat fragmentation, were written in a scientific style paper and sent to regional lepidopteran experts to see if this study is publishable. Results of this study were presented at the Grinnell Family Weekend poster session, in a departmental seminar, and at the North American Prairie Conference in Northern Iowa in the Summer 2000. The student presented "CERA's Butterflies: Restoration Benchmarks" as part of the Biology Department's seminar series, October 2000.

BIOLOGY: "The evolutionary ecology of petal-color polymorphism in a California wildflower, Clarkia xantiana." Joseph Hansen [Professor Vince Eckhart]. This MAP investigated the functional significance of flower color patterns. Clarkia xantiana exhibits substantial and consistent variation in flower color in natural populations. The predominant hypothesis for the evolution of flower color patterns is that they evolve via natural selection imposed by animal pollinators. This project's extensive field studies of natural selection in this species yielded a surprising finding: the insects that pollinate C. xantiana do not respond to variation in flower color, but the insects that consume C. xantiana do respond. Individual plants that make flowers with spotted petals resist insect pests more effectively than those whose petals lack conspicuous spots. This is the first evidence of such an effect in a natural population, and it indicates that pollinators are not the only set of animals that affect the evolution of flower color. Joseph presented "On the Spot: Analysis of Natural Selection on Petal Spotting in Clarkia xantiana" at a departmental seminar, September 2000.


BIOLOGY: "Ecophysiological constraints on the evolution of flower size: Water costs in arid environments." Sheryl Southard [Professor Vince Eckhart]. Although conspicuous flower displays increase plant attractiveness to pollinators, there are inevitable costs associated with this benefit. In arid environments, a significant cost may be greater water loss (and therefore water stress) associated with producing larger flower surface area (from which water can evaporate).

The California wildflower, Clarkia xantiana, exhibits geographic variation in flower size consistent with this hypothesis: the smallest-flowered populations occur in the most arid parts of the species' range. This project evaluated whether plant water stress and performance correlated negatively with flower size in this species by conducting field and greenhouse studies of physiological water stress and plant growth performance. In contrast to expectation but in accord with the general hypothesis, flower size was found to correlate positively with water status in this species, indicating that it is only plants in well-watered situations that can "afford" to make large flowers.

BIOLOGY: "Characterization of the Acinetobacter sp. Strain ADP1 Response to DNA Damage through Examination of DNA Damage Responsive Loci and Mechanisms of their Regulation." Martha Klovstad [Professor Leslie Gregg-Jolly]. The student studied derivatives of the bacterial strain Acinetobacter species strain ADP1 that are especially sensitive to DNA damage. She measured how sensitive the mutant strains are to various DNA damaging agents and worked to determine the mechanism of this sensitivity. She found that chemical and environmental mutagens interfere with DNA replication and transcription. In response, bacteria have developed overlapping and diverse pathways to remove and repair damaged DNA, many of which involve recombination. She designed her own experiments with some input from Professor Gregg-Jolly, carried out her experiments independently, and wrote a paper in scientific format. The results were presented in a poster session at Family Weekend on Grinnell College campus, and a Biology departmental seminar.

BIOLOGY: "Characterization of the Acinetobacter sp. Strain ADP1 Response to DNA Damage through Examination of DNA Damage Responsive Loci and Mechanisms of their Regulation." Jacob Bertrand [Professor Leslie Gregg-Jolly].
This project focused on the creation and characterization of bacterial mutant strains that have genetic regions involved in DNA repair that are specifically "tagged." This MAP also received funding from the American Society for Microbiology. The results were that the student characterized a mutant derivative of Acinetobacter species strain ADP1. The data indicated that we have tagged a gene that is specifically turned on in response to DNA damage only during the starvation phase of growth. The student presented at Family Weekend at Grinnell College, a Biology departmental seminar, the Pew Midstates Science and Mathematics Consortium at Washington University October 29-31, 1999 entitled, "Regulation of a DNA Damage-Inducible Locus in Acinetobacter Species Strain ADP1." "Identification of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DNA damage-inducible promoters using natural transformation" presented at Inter-Iowa Genetics Symposia, Grinnell, 1999.

BIOLOGY: "Regulation of a DNA damage-inducible locus in Acinetobacter sp. Strain ADP1." Gregg Whitworth [Professor Leslie Gregg-Jolly]. This MAP studied how some genes are specifically activated in response to DNA damage. He wanted to determine whether or not a key DNA repair gene called recA plays a critical role in the regulation of DNA repair genes in a bacterial strain. Acinetobacter species strain ADP1. The student developed strong evidence that the regulation of a newly identified DNA damage-inducible gene is dependent up on the recA protein. This was the first evidence of a recA-regulated gene in the microorganism Acinetobacter species strain ADP1. This MAP also received funding from the American Society for Microbiology. The results of this MAP was presented at Family Weekend, a Biology departmental seminar, and at the Pew Midstates Science and Mathematics Consortium Undergraduate Research Symposium held at Washington University October 29-31, 1999.

BIOLOGY: "Recolonization of Below-ground Arthropods in Restored and Relict Prairies." Bridget Illian [Professor Liz Queathem]. Belowground arthropods are known to play extremely important roles in prairie ecosystems. The intensive farming that has reduced native prairie in Iowa to a tiny fraction of is former size has so profoundly affected the soil in which these arthropods live, by the use of pesticides and tilling, that many soil arthropods have been driven to local extinction. Many arthropod groups, among them the springtails (Insecta: Collembola), have therefore been found to be most diverse in untouched prairie and least diverse in agricultural fields. The question of this MAP was to investigate two possible avenues of dispersal for the springtails. In restored prairie, springtails exhibit intermediate levels of diversity correlated with the length of time that the prairie has been restored. The student wanted to answer the questions of whether living animals could be washed into waterways and settle out downstream to colonize new territory. Also, because the people who work on restored sites often also visit virgin sites, soil adhesion to boots might provide a means of transfer. The student presented at Parents Weekend, and gave two presentations to Biology faculty and students.

BIOLOGY: "Recolonization of Below-ground Arthropods in Restored and Relict Prairies." Frances Lee [Professor Liz Queathem]. Because there is so little virgin prairie remaining in Iowa, the question of how it can best be restored is especially difficult. There are many sites around the state (and in neighboring states) that vary in both how they were initially restored (what plant species were used, how they were sown, and in what proportions) and what management practices have since been used to maintain them (whether burning or mowing has been employed, and on what schedule). Aboveground plant productivity and diversity are relatively easily assessed, but studies investigating belowground arthropod abundance and diversity are few, despite the known importance of these animals in nutrient cycling and other ecosystem processes. The project surveyed belowground arthropod diversity in three sites: enriched prairie at CERA, which had been planted with grasses and forbs, and burned every fall for the past 10 years; non-enriched prairie at CERA, which had been planted with grasses, but not forbs, and had not been burned in many years; and the Reichelt Unit, which is a nearby native prairie remnant that is burned on an irregular schedule. A poster was presented at Family Weekend.

BIOLOGY: "Regulation of Gene Expression during Somatic Embryogenesis." Philip Ludwig and Kirsten Newcomb [Professor Diane Robertson]. These two students worked on various aspects of gene regulation during embryogenesis in carrot. Their purpose was to identify and clone the promoter regions of a series of genes that are expressed during embryogenesis. These promoters were then used to direct expression of the GUS reporter gene in transgenic carrot embryos in order to determine the time and place of expression of these genes.

BIOLOGY: "Songbird Conservation." Tamara Koontz [Professor Christopher Rogers]. The student conducted two separate studies in current avian biology. Study 1 was a test of the mesopredator release hypothesis, which states that the observed population declines of North American ground-nesting songbirds are due to historical declines of top predators, and a subsequent historical increase in populations of "mesopredators." Mesopredators are medium-sized mammals that commonly depredate songbird nests. A previous study by C.M. Rogers and a colleague at Kellogg Biological Station in Michigan shoed that as predicted by the hypothesis, when a top predator is added to a terrestrial ecosystem, songbird nest success increased. This outcome is presumably due to a reduction in mesopredator population density wrought by top predators. A shortcoming of this study was that nest predators remained unidentified. The student tested for the assumed presence of mesopredators at the study site. She placed clay eggs in artificial ground nests and compared dental impressions in these eggs with a series of dental impressions left by known mammal skulls. Results clearly showed the presence of mesopredators in the terrestrial ecosystem; thus, the mechanisms inherent in the mesopredator release hypothesis are supported. In combination with previous findings from the Michigan site, results should have ramifications for conservation biologists and land managers interested in maintaining ecosystems with high species diversity. Study 2 was a census of grassland birds in mowed/unmowed and burned/unburned prairie sites in the Neal Smith national Wildlife Refuge in Iowa. This student showed that contrary to conventional wisdom, mowing increased the local abundance of the Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum). She cooperated with staff biologists of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in conducting this research. These biologists will use Tamara's bird census data as a preliminary study of the effects of different prairie management techniques on songbird community structure. This research resulted in a written report and a Biology departmental seminar presentation entitled "Effects of a Prairie Mowing and Burning on Grassland Breeding Birds."

BIOLOGY: "Lens Formation in Chicken Embryos." Matthew Karafin [Professor Charles Sullivan]. The student completed a very thorough examination of the pattern of expression of the Pax-6 protein in young chicken embryos. He found that the protein expression patterns closely followed patterns of transcription of the Pax-6 gene. He spent most of the second half of the summer sectioning embryos and observing the internal details of these staining patterns. His results give us important clues to better understand early steps in lens formation in chicken embryos. Matthew presented his research in a departmental honors seminar on April 17 titled: "Hindsight is always 20/20: Expression of Pax-6 protein in chicken embryos."

BIOLOGY: "Lens Formation in Chicken Embryos." Melissa Marks [Professor Charles Sullivan]. Melissa learned to collect lenses from young chicken embryos, to analyze those tissues for the production of the protein delta-crystallin by western blots, and began to quantify the lens response by measuring the mass of delta-crystallin contained in a sample. She then quantified the lens response in cultured chick ectoderm and found that the response was lower in vitro than in vivo. Melissa continued her project into the fall where she studied migration of neural crest cells during the time when lens forming potential is being lost from non-lens head ectoderm. Results were presented at the Science Research Poster Session during Family Weekend, 1999. The title of the poster presentation is: "Do neural crest cells inhibit the lens response in head ectoderm of chicken embryos?"

BIOLOGY: "Relationship between Transcription and Recombination." Hope McCaslin [Professor Bruce Voyles]. Hope worked on determining whether there was a relationship between transcription and homologous recombination in Acinetobacter. She first created constructs containing the pcaJ, pcaIJ and catIJ genes. She then transformed those constructs into cells that were growing in inducing conditions for either the pca operon or the cat operon and determined transformation frequency for the inserts into the induced pathway versus the uninduced pathway. She also determined which pathway each insert had entered by replica plating on the appropriate media to select for knockouts. Results were presented as a poster at Family Weekend, and at the Pew Undergraduate Research Symposium. Hope also presented "There is No Apparent Correlation Between Transcription and Recombination in Acinetobacter strain ADPI" at a departmental seminar, October 2000.

BIOLOGY: "Starvation-induced Genes in Acinetobacter." Amy Bailey [Professor Bruce Voyles]. Amy sought to improve the transforming efficiency of Acinetobacter cells during stationary phase, but with no success. She also determined the pattern of induction of a starvation-induced gene in a strain of Acinetobacter that has a lacZ-kanamycin resistance cassette inserted into one such locus. She finished the summer by subcloning a 15 kilobase downstream region of that gene into pUC18. Results were presented as a poster at Family Weekend, and at the Pew Undergraduate Research Symposium. Amy presented "Starvation Response in Acinetobacter species strain ADPI" at a departmental seminar, October 2000.

CHEMISTRY: "Stereochemistry and Reactions of Metal Complexes of Unsaturated Amino Acids." Paul Bailey [Professor Luther Erickson]. This MAP was part of an on-going Chemistry Department summer research program. Paul worked closely with Professor Luther Erickson on a project well defined by the professor in advance. The project began as an extension of a project that Ido Onderstal, Leiden University exchange student, had begun in the summer of 1998. It involved synthesis of new compounds, spectroscopic and kinetic studies of reactions, and theoretical calculations. Paul continued to work on the research during the 1999-2000 academic year.

CHEMISTRY: Roshan Shrestha and Molly Gallogly [Professor Kevin Evans]. To investigate the effects of proximity and of orientation in catalysis, we proposed the synthesis and kinetic studies of a series of diarylethyne models. The two key steps were synthesizing the diarylethyne framework via an elaborate multi-step synthesis and attaching the their linkage. Both students performed numerous reactions by 1) performing the proposed synthesis, 2) proposing alternate synthetic pathways when necessary, 3) optimizing the reaction conditions, and 4) obtaining complete characterization of all new compounds. Research culminated in a poster, a written report, and an oral presentation.

CHEMISTRY: "Conductivity Studies of Polysiloxane Polymer Electrolytes." Marie Mapes [Professor Leslie Lyons]. This group explored the synthesis of ion conducting polymeric materials. They combined synthetic studies with electrochemical methods to understand the unusual ion conducting properties of mixtures of polymers and salts. Professor Lyons helped Marie measure the ionic conductivities of several doped polysiloxane polymers to explore the structural features of the polysiloxane polymers and their effect on the desired property of ionic conductivity. Marie worked on three different poly(siloxanes) as part of the long term effort to study a range of structurally related but unique poly(siloxanes). She and her partner in the lab completed the doping and electrochemical measurements on 16 samples. This research culminated in a poster presented at Family Weekend and at the Pew Physical Sciences Symposium.

CHEMISTRY: "Conversion of Organosilanes to Amines/Preparation of Silylacetyloxazolidinones." Kavita Coulagi and Susan Pryzbilinski [Professor Mary Mader]. The primary interest of this group was in synthetic organic chemistry and applying molecular modeling to predict and interpret results. In the area of synthetic organic chemistry, they were interested in studying the influence of a silicon substituent in a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction called an aldol condensation. They were also interested in the subsequent chemistry of the aldol product when the silicon group was removed by oxidation or reduction. This sequence of reactions was useful in the synthesis of compounds of biological interest. In the summer of 1998, they used the sequence to prepare a series of compounds lacking optical activity (chirality). The summer of 1999 they attempted to prepare compounds that were optically active. They synthesized new, chiral silicon-containing starting materials and explore the optimal conditions for the carbon-carbon bond forming reaction.

CHEMISTRY: "Non-covalent Interactions of Proteins." Nathan Lueck [Professor Elaine Marzluff]. Nathan built and implemented a new gas inlet system on our mass spectrometer to permit gas phase ion-molecule reactions to be studied. This will enable us to probe the gas phase conformation of proteins using Hydrogen Deuterium exchange. Understanding the structure of proteins in the absence of solvents may help the understanding of the forces which determine protein structure. Nate successfully built the gas inlet, demonstrated its utility to looking at the reaction of small peptides. He was able to start to probe the structure of ubiquitin in the gas phase. Results show that ubiquitin assumes a gas phase conformation that is independent of its initial solution conformation and highly dependent on the charge state of the protein. A poster was presented at Family Weekend and at a departmental seminar.

CHEMISTRY: "Mechanisms of Dissociation of Multiply Charge Peptides." Justin Rose [Professor Elaine Marzluff]. Justin undertook a study of the collision induced dissociation of multiply charged peptides in the gas phase. This work has relevance to studies of protein and peptide sequencing using mass spectrometry. The ability to rapidly and reliably sequence proteins is on considerable importance to understanding protein structure and function. This MAP was a continuation of a 2 credit project from the spring of 1999. During the spring, Justin studied some singly charged peptides and learned how to use the instrumentation. During the summer he was able to create the multiply charged species for study, and for a series of model compounds break them apart and assign their spectra. Modeling studies indicate the site of cleavage is strongly controlled by the charge and its mobility. This is supported by molecular modeling studies which he carried out. A poster was presented at Family Weekend and at a departmental seminar.

CHEMISTRY: "Synthesis of Transition Metal Stannylenes." Kerstin Wolf [Professor Andrew Mobley]. The goal of this project was to synthesize transition metal stannylenes. Past researches have successfully synthesized a wide variety of compounds containing tin-transition metal single bonds, and partial double bonds following a Fischer-like cargene synthesis route. The synthesis of compounds with tin-transition metal double bonds following a Schrock-type carbene synthesis route, however, is a new area of exciting research with many possible routes to explore. Specifically, the goal was to make dicyclopentadienemolybdenum dibenzylstannylene and dicyclopentadienemolybdenum di-tert-butylstannylene. If successful, the syntheses will be repeated with asymmetric organotin dihalides and the structure of the bonds between the molybdenum and tin atoms will be explored using NMR analysis techniques. The student was able to synthesize several organometallic compounds using literature procedures. In addition, the student explored one of the possible pathways for the synthesis of transition metal stannylenes. It turns out that this route does not work. This, however, should not be seen as failure. Rather it is success of the project where the result of the study was negative. This research culminated in a poster presented at Family Weekend and a paper.

CHEMISTRY: "Synthesis of Transition Metal Stannylenes." Angel Vargas [Professor Andrew Mobley]. "The synthesis of bis(cyclopentadienyl)tungsten diphanyl- and dibutylstannylenes" Stannylene ligands to metal complexes are analogous to carbene ligands. Although stannylene ligands and carbene ligands are analogous, stannylene ligands differ in their reactivity. Our goal was to make bis(cyclopentadienyl)tungsten diphenyl- and dibutylstannylenes. The student was able to synthesize several organometallic compounds using literature procedures. In addition, the student explored one of the possible pathways for the synthesis of transition metal stannylenes. It turns out that this route does not work. This, however, should not be seen as failure. Rather it is success of the project where the result of the study was negative. This research culminated in a poster presented at Family Weekend and a paper.

CHEMISTRY: "EXAFS of Polymer Electrolytes." Daniela Alexandru [Professor Lee Sharpe]. Daniela learned how to use a suite of programs to analyze the EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) spectra of CuBr2 incorporated into oPEO and MEEP at both the copper and bromine edges. OPEO and MEEP are polymers that exhibit ionic conductivity when mixed with various inorganic salts. The focus of this work is to establish the relationship between the local cation and anion structure and the overall conductivity of the polymer system as a function of the concentration of the ions in the polymer. The analysis of the EXAFS data allows us to determine the coordination environments around both copper and bromine ion in the polymer matrix. Daniela worked up ~160 data files and then fit the data sets (each ~ 6 files) with known model compound data sets to determine the local chemical environment around each of the ions. She found that as the conductivity increases in the CuBr2 - oPEO system, the degree of ion pairing (coordination between the copper and bromine) decreases and she found the opposite effect for the CuBr2 - MEEP polymer system. "EXAFS Analysis of CuBr2 in both aPEO and MEEP Polymer Electrolytes" Daniela Alexandru, L. R. Sharpe; Pew Undergraduate Research Symposium, November 1999.

ECONOMICS: "The Force of the River Itself." Daniel Madigan [Professor Brad Bateman]. This MAP focused on one part of a book-length research project, in which Professor Bateman planned to examine the influence of the Social Gospel movement on the founding of the American Economics Association in the late nineteenth century. Using Interlibrary Loan (microfilm), Daniel analyzed primary sources and archival material that covered the correspondence between Richard T. Ely, founder of the AEA, and John R. Commons, his student at Johns Hopkins University who later worked with Ely at the University of Wisconsin. The student narrowed the focus of this work into a suitable topic for an advanced research paper.

ECONOMICS: "Women's Economic Status in Sweden and the U.S.: Public Policy Implications?" Ted Massey [Professor Irene Powell]. This MAP was connected with a book-length comparative study of the economic status of women in various industrialized countries and the public policies that affect that economic status. The purpose of this part of the study was to analyze the economic status of women in Sweden and the U.S. and draw lessons about what economic policies did and did not accomplish, and therefore to draw conclusions about policy proposals. Research culminated in two papers and a bibliography. Ted Massey presented the results of his study at the Social Science Student Research Conference in February 2000.

HISTORY: "Father-Daughter Relationships of Jane Addams' Contemporaries in Progressive Era Reform." Catherine Nisbett [Professor Victoria Brown]. The student located biographical material on 75 women who form a group of Jane Addams' female peers in Progressive era activism. This work involved reading published biographies and autobiographies, searching archive holdings, reading old magazines and newspapers, Interlibrary loan, etc. Once the student "mapped" the data available on this group of women, it became possible to read and interpret it, leading to preparation of a paper and public presentation on the subject of Progressive era women in relation to their fathers. This project provided background for Victoria Brown's book-length biography project on Jane Addams (Twenty Years at Hull House) and her corollary project on father-daughter relations in the Gilded Age. Research was presented at a FemSem Colloquium.

MATHEMATICS/COMPUTER SCIENCE: "Iterative Processes." Ian Besse [Professor Marc Chamberland]. Iterative processes have occurred sporadically throughout mathematical history. A concentrated effort in France in the 1920's produced fascinating work which, unfortunately, was largely ignored for many years after. With the advent of the computer, 1970's witnessed a rebirth of these ideas. This has lead to the ideas of chaos and fractals. Ian extensively examined a discretized version of the Lorenz three-dimensional flows. In particular, he looked for periodic orbits of the discrete system (this is difficult since these orbits are, in general, of saddle type, making them quite difficult to find). Ian wrote an end-of-semester paper and gave a talk to the Math Journal Club.

MATHEMATICS/COMPUTER SCIENCE: "Iterative Processes." Oleksiy Andriychenko [Professor Marc Chamberland]. Oleksiy studied the limiting structure of iterating certain difference sets. It is believed that complicated chaotic dynamics lie underneath the surface of this iterative process. This project required mathematical conjecture, computer experimentation, and rigorous proof. The student and professor successfully solved an open problem in mathematics, resulting in a joint paper which was accepted by a prestigious journal, the Mathematical Intelligencer. Oleksiy wrote an end-of-semester paper and gave a talk to the Math Journal Club.

MATHEMATICS/COMPUTER SCIENCE: "Graph Coloring Problems." Grace Lewis and Rob Park [Professor Emily Moore]. A graph consists of a (finite) set of vertices, and a set of pairs of vertices, called edges. A proper coloring of a graph assigns colors to vertices in such a way that no two vertices connected by an edge receive the same color. The chromatic number, r, of a graph is the smallest number of colors needed to properly color the graph. If we precolor a subset of the vertices of the graph (or a set of k-cliques of the graph) it is known that the coloring extends to a proper r+1 coloring of the graph if the precolored vertices are at least distance 4 apart (or k-cliques distance 4k apart).

Rob Park studied planar graphs, and discovered stronger statements for the existence of color extensions in this restricted family of graphs. Grace Lewis studied graphs with restricted maximum degree and discovered new bounds on distances that guarantee color extensions. Both students presented their research in talks at Grinnell and at the annual poster session held in conjunction with Family Weekend. They also gave talks at the Iowa Mathematical Association of America held at Simpson College. Rob presented a talk entitled" Certain Coloring Extensions of Planar Graphs" on campus, November 2000.

MATHEMATICS/COMPUTER SCIENCE: "Interactive facilities for networked hypertexts." Sarah Luebke and Rachel Heck [Professor Sam Rebelsky]. Although hypertext is typically described as an interactive medium, the implementation of hypertext on the World-Wide Web limits the readers interaction with they hypertexts. That is, except for interactions with Java applets and browser plug-ins, readers are generally limited to clicking on links, scrolling through pages, and making bookmarks. Compare this with a reader's close interaction with a printed text, in which one may jot notes in the margins, circle words, highlight sections, and even cut out and rearrange portions of the page. Sarah and Rachel developed a working annotation system and conducted limited user-testing of that system. They also wrote a survey of available annotation systems and a ten-page paper on their own system. They presented posters of their work at the Grinnell Science Poster session and the Pew Midstates Science and Mathematics Consortium Poster session. Rachel presented a paper on related work at the EdMedia 2000 World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia in June 2000 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

MATHEMATICS/COMPUTER SCIENCE: "Project Web Raveler: An Architecture for Reconfiguring Web pages." Andrew Kensler [Professor Sam Rebelsky]. The World-Wide-Web gives readers little control of the pages that they read. For example, a reader that does not like frames cannot easily "turn off" frames. With the advent of font tags and cascading style sheets, it is more difficult for the reader to control the appearance of the page. While authors clearly benefit from these new developments, as many authors use design to indicate meaning, readers must also be able to take control when they so desire. Andrew worked to develop an infrastructure for "page filters" that can modify Web pages as they pass from server to browser. His infrastructure supports Rachel Heck and Sarah Luebke's MAP, an annotation system for Web pages, as well as an academic-year project to add trails (sequences of pages) to the Web. This project culminated in a paper surveying techniques for filtering web pages, a users guide for the system, an administrator's guide for the system, a programmer's guide for the system, and an infrastructure for page filters, including account system, plug-in support, and sample transformations (Perl Code). Andrew presented posters of his work at the Grinnell Science Poster session and the Pew Midstates Science and Mathematics Consortium Poster session.

MATHEMATICS/COMPUTER SCIENCE: "Siteweaver: Tools for building and supporting large-scale hypertexts." Jared Seaman and Vivek Venugopal [Professor Sam Rebelsky]. In the early days of the Web, authors focused on single pages, or sites consisting of a few pages. With the growth of the Web, authors are increasingly building hypertexts that contain hundreds or even thousands of pages. The construction of such large-scale hypertexts necessarily requires some uniformity of design, to ground the reader, as well as some automation, to ease the author's work. The students focused on a particular tool for building pages and sites, one that allows page and site authors to design "shorthands" for the components of their pages and sites. These shorthands correspond to the normal "marks" we use when writing. For example, an author might say that "a blank line indicates the end of a paragraph". In addition, authors (or their programmers) can design more sophisticated logical markup tags, such as footnote tags and use our system to describe how they will be translated into HTML. Jared and Vivek call their tool SATIRIC, the site authoring tool incorporating regular expressions in context. They presented posters of their work at the Grinnell Science Poster session and the Pew Midstates Science and Mathematics Consortium Poster session. Jared and Vivek also presented a talk entitled "SATIRE: A Site-Level Web Authoring Tool" on campus, November 2000.

MATHEMATICS/COMPUTER SCIENCE: Project A: "Evaluating the Variability of Ratings of Conference Papers Students." Weichao Ma and Dorene Mboya [Professor: Henry Walker]. Many professional conferences depend upon contributed papers for various technical sessions. Typically, the selection of these papers depends upon a reviewing process, during which the papers are sent to multiple referees for reviews and rankings. This project sought to study the natural variance of such rankings from different reviewers. Some relevant questions were:
1) To what extent do some reviewers give consistently high or consistently low ratings?
2) Are ratings affected by such factors as referee gender, nationality, expertise, or paper format?
Similarly, do authors of one paper give consistently high or low ratings to other papers?
3) How does an overall rating correlate with subscores in areas of technical content, writing
quality, originality, and significance?
4) How does a joint review by a large committee working collaboratively affect the ratings given by that committee?

Professor Walker decided to study such questions when he was appointed Program Chair of SIGCSE 2000, the annual meeting of the Special Interest Group in Computer Science Education (SIGCSE). Within this capacity, he was responsible for the collection, reviewing, and selection of 220 papers which were submitted for this Symposium. This framework formed the basis for this project by the faculty director and students.

As this conference would be SIGCSE's first to allow the electronic submission of papers, initial work included the development of software to support the paper-submission and reviewing processes. During this phase, the director and students developed appropriate Web-based interfaces for both authors and referees, they modified an existing and extensive database, and they created scripts to process the data submitted by the Web-based forms. The reviewing form itself was the result of an extensive development process, including consultations with experts both on and off campus. The development phase of the project ended in Fall 1999 with the assignment of reviews to about 550 people worldwide, and the receipt of about 1916 reviews. Much of this preliminary work was presented during a poster session during Grinnell's fall Family Weekend.

Results of this reviewing process were used initially by the Program Committee to select papers for presentation at the conference. Since then, the director and students have completed a statistical analysis of the ratings. The students presented a talk entitled "Two Computing Applications: Paper Reviewing and Student Placement" on campus, November 2000.

MATHEMATICS/COMPUTER SCIENCE: Project B: "A Neural Network to Place Incoming Students." Weichao Ma and Dorene Mboya [Professor: Henry Walker]. Virtually every department in every academic institution must develop mechanisms to place incoming students into appropriate courses, and for years Grinnell's Department of Mathematics and Computer Science reviewed high school transcripts manually to determine likely mathematics placements. Then, in 1994, collaborative work between the faculty director and two students led to an expert system for this purpose, utilizing over 90 rules and performing as well or better than faculty in reviewing data available from the Registrar. However, the current version, which utilizes over 90 rules, requires considerable on-going attention, as changes are made in either the curriculum or the Department's placement policy.

This project continued an on-going investigation of how to utilize techniques of machine learning to solve this placement problem. The most common of these techniques utilize neural networks for decision making, and this project drew upon some preliminary work done by the faculty director and a student using neural networks. Specifically, this project considered both discrete and continuous models for neural networks, with special attention to approaches to handle incomplete or inconsistent data.

Results of this work have been encouraging, and the students presented their findings through a poster session during Grinnell's fall Family Weekend. Currently, each basic model has been refined to provide reasonably good predictions for students entering Calculus I or Calculus II. However, further research is needed to handle placement in Grinnell's slow-paced calculus course or in the more advanced linear algebra course. Another student already has begun planning to further this work through additional study and research over the next few years.

MATHEMATICS/COMPUTER SCIENCE: "Knot Theory." John Pretz and Shekhar Shah [Professor Royce Wolf]. Both students investigated Knot Theory and perused much of the relevant current research and developed his own research project based on these studies. Each student settled on a research problem (two distinct problems) which was a major, easily understood question which had been looked at by many top-notch mathematicians over the last 15-20 years. This, of course, meant that the student had little chance of solving the problem but each made their own inroads into the area and each contributed some small result. Each student presented a poster during family weekend and each gave a talk sponsored by the math/computer science departments.

MUSIC: "Music Composition and Its Context." Molly Gardner and Matthew Warne [Professor Jonathan Chenette]. The students composed electronic settings of haiku texts by Iowa poet Harvey Hess, doing research and listening connected with the haiku project and reflecting on the experience in their final papers. Their four-movement, twenty-two minute composition was presented several times during the 1999-2000 academic year, including presentations as part of the dedication festivities for the Bucksbaum Center for the Arts and at the Mid-America Composers Festival hosted by Grinnell College in October. Matthew Warne's portion of the music was awarded the annual Steiner Prize for Creativity in Music, judged by Professor Craig Weston of Iowa State University, and was presented at the end of the year as part of a public talk by the composer.

PHYSICS: "Temperature Dependence of the Pinning Force in a Superconductor Vortex." Rishi Misra [Professor Charles Cunningham]. This project involved Superconductors - materials (usually metals or metal alloys) that 1) offer no resistance to current flow at temperatures well below zero (2-5K) and 2) repel magnetic flux (i.e. lines in a magnetic field). A vortex is a region in a superconductor that allows some flux lines to penetrate. A vortex moves around in a superconductor, seeking a region where it is energetically stable. The movement of a vortex creates changing magnetic flux which consequently creates a resistance to the flow of current. Pinning forces are forces that trap these vortices. In this project, the goal was to trap a vortex, and measure the vortex pinning force and the temperature dependence of this pinning force.

POLITICAL SCIENCE: "A Connection between Social Capital and Public Space?" Alison Novak [Professor Barbara Trish]. This MAP, developed and implemented by the student to fit into the context of an independent major, examined the links among public space, social capital and citizen attitudes toward government. The student researched in three cities in Iowa: Cedar Rapids, Iowa City and Grinnell. Data collection involved observation, participant observation, interviews and examination of documentary sources. She also examined secondary materials relating to the study. The research resulted in a literature review.

PSYCHOLOGY: "Effects of Light and Motion on Perception of Gender in Children." Matt Pellowski [Professor Ann Ellis]. It is a well known finding that adults make remarkable discriminations, for example, of personal identity or sex, of individuals presented in moving point-light displays, but fail to make such discriminations from similar static displays. It is also known that infants and children discriminate between upright and inverted point-light displays of human movement. Further, infants and children categorize a vast array of items presented in static displays, including facial representations of men and women. The purpose of this work was to explore infants' and children's ability to distinguish between men and women presented in full-light and point-light displays. Film clips were created of men and women, matched for height and wearing the same black clothing, walking at a normal pace on a theater stage. One-inch squares of luminescent tape were attached to each of the walker's joints and head. Walkers were filmed in full-light and in the dark while walking and while standing still. All 12-second videos and photographs were captured on computer. Adult observers correctly identified the sex of all the walkers in the full-light pictures and videos, and in the point-light videos at levels above chance. In the first study, 6-month old and 12-month old infants viewed only the point-light videos while sitting in a highchair facing a computer monitor. A video camera, positioned beside the monitor, focused on the infants' faces. Using an infant control procedure, half of the infants in each age group were first habituated to 4 videos of women and tested with one novel woman and one novel man, and then, following a 3 minute break, were habituated to 4 videos of men and tested with one novel man and one novel woman. The remaining infants received the habituation and test sets in the reverse order. To increase infants, attention to the videos, all videos were presented with the same repeating score of music. An observer viewed the infants on a video monitor and recorded the duration of infants' fixations to the stimuli. Data analysis of responses to the two test trial stimuli indicated that infants at both ages discriminated women from men presented in the point-light displays. Infants showed greater looking following habituation to novel category members than to familiar category members. In study 2, six-year-old children and adults viewed full-light and point-light videos and photographs and were asked to indicate the sex of the walker in each display. Adults identified the walkers' sex at levels above chance when presented with full-light photographs or videos, and when presented with point-light videos, but not when presented with point-light photographs. Children demonstrated above chance responding only for the full-light displays. This project demonstrated that infants as young as six months of age and adults may categorize objects based on motion-carried information and distinguish between men and women based on information about gait. Such ability was not demonstrated during childhood. These results have implications for theories of gender recognition and the development of perceptual skills.

PSYCHOLOGY: "Infants' categorization of still and moving objects." Jessica Kroeger [Professor Ann Ellis]. Recent theorizing about the nature of early categorization skills gives rise to the prediction that object motion plays a critical role in young infants' ability to categorize diverse, but related, objects. However, little is known about children's ability to categorize moving stimuli. Object motion conveys information not readily captured in static displays and may play a critical role in early categorization skills. In the current research, 4-, 10-, and 18-month-old infants' ability to categorize moving and static objects was explored. Infants were presented with 3-second videos clips or photographs of animals and vehicles in a standard infant control procedure. Infants sat in a highchair in front of a computer video screen. In a completely counterbalanced design, each infant was presented with 3 category contrasts: basic-level (dog versus cat), superordinate-level (mammal versus bird), and global-level (animal versus vehicle). Infants were first habituated to 6 videos or photographs of members of one category and then tested with 1 video or photograph of a member of the habituation category and 2 videos or photographs of members of the contrasting category. Infants' visual fixations to the stimuli were recorded. Overall, when presented with videos infants showed a greater increase in looking from habituation to the novel category members than to the familiar category members for all category contrasts. Preliminary findings indicate similar results for static stimuli for both the superordinate-level contrast and the global-level contrast. These results may indicate that infants can categorize moving stimuli at all category contrasts and that object motion may facilitate demonstration of this skill.

PSYCHOLOGY: "The neurochemistry of stress-induced anxiety." Seong-Hyon Lee, Jennifer Sitton, and Maulik Patel [Professor Ken Short]. Project 1: Students worked on two empirical research projects as a team: 1) The time course of behavioral and brain biochemical indices of anxiety following uncontrollable stress exposure, and 2) The sufficiency of opiate receptor activation in the dorsal raphe to produce anxiety behaviors and down-regulation of serotonin 1A receptors in the dorsal raphe. Project 2: Each student researched and reviewed a separate literature and proposed his or her own set of experiments on some topic that would extend the empirical research findings. 1) Maulik proposed a molecular and behavioral set of experiments that would search for possible mechanisms for the biochemical plasticity observed by measuring dorsal raphe mRNA signal changes that may correlate with the receptor and behavioral changes observed. Maulik produced a paper that reviews the relevant literature and describes his proposed experiment. 2) Lee proposed an experiment to help bridge the gap between helplessness models of anxiety and helplessness models of depression, by manipulating serotonin levels in the dorsal raphe with serotonergic antidepressant drugs (SSRIs). Lee produced a paper that reviews the relevant literature and describes his proposed experiment. 3) Jennifer proposed experiments to try to extend the consequences of the observed brain changes to one of the dorsal raphe projection sites, the amygdala, and to try to correlate any changes there with aggressive behaviors and with serotonin 1B receptor changes there. Jennifer researched the literature and worked together with Professor Short to outline a set of experiments that could answer her question.

Work did not stop at the end of the summer. Maulik presented the group's findings in two posters presented at the fall science division poster session on campus. He then followed up the summer MAP with an additional research project in the fall, focusing more on the neurochemical correlates of the observed behaviors. In April, Maulik traveled to Denver with Professor Short to present some of his and the group's results at the ninth annual meeting of the International Society for Behavioral Neuroscience. They presented a paper that included data from the second part of Project 1, which addressed the necessity and sufficiency of dorsal raphe opiate receptors in the anxiety behaviors and brain biochemical changes that follow uncontrollable stress. Data from the first part of Project 1, defining the time course of the behavioral and biochemical effects of uncontrollable stress induced anxiety, formed much of the basis for a paper accepted for presentation at the 30th annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in New Orleans in November 2000. All three MAP researchers appeared as co-authors on both papers. Maulik parlayed his Project 2 proposal into another honor. He was selected as an ACM Minority Scholar to carry out research that was originally proposed in his MAP research paper. He will look for genetic message changes that could account for the observed receptor changes and behavioral changes related to anxiety which follow exposure to uncontrollable stressors. His project will be carried out in Boulder, Colorado under the supervision of Ken Short and University of Colorado Psychology faculty members Steven Maier, Linda Watkins, and Serge Campeau.

PSYCHOLOGY: "Emotional Intelligence and Self-Management." Allison Groves [Professor Laura Sinnett]. The student analyzed data from an experiment on the effect of emotions on the accessibility of individual goals. She worked on transition from VAX to PC based data analyses, coded previously selected data, performed a number of data analyses to address specific research questions that had been formulated by Professor Sinnett, completed additional readings in order to help design an experiment for the coming year, and worked on an upcoming experiment. The results of this work were accepted for presentation at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, May 2000.

PSYCHOLOGY: "A Meta-analytic Review of the Emotion Manipulation Literature." Ngoc Loi [Professor Laura Sinnett]. Loi organized a long-running review project. She read and coded primary research articles according to the variables addressed by the research project, participated in the revision of this coding system, applied meta-analytic statistical techniques to a selection of the coded data in order to address her own research question about sex differences in reactivity to emotion manipulations.

RELIGIOUS STUDIES: "Askeses of Gender; Agencies of Emancipation." Susanna Drake [Professor Kathleen Skerrett]. This MAP involved research on feminist theories of the (gendered) subject and feminist histories of women Christian ascetics. The student and Professor Skerrett were concerned with the ways contemporary theories of religious asceticism might be used to illuminate the practices of ascetic women. They hoped to consider whether askesis as a practice of freedom might be simultaneously construed as a practice of gender (Foucault, Ware). In the convergence of contemporary theories around asceticism and gender, they wanted to discover ways to imagine subjects whose freedom is woven through regimens of bodily and spiritual disciplines. In the course of their research and discussions, this abstract thesis led them to a more specific project. They began to realize that the feminist debate over the status of the subject and its relation to women's liberation had influenced historiography of Christian women ascetics. They think they can trace a shift in the ways feminist historians have interpreted Christian women ascetics, which corresponds to debates in the philosophical literature. Feminist interpretation of women ascetics become more nuanced through the late eighties and nineties as feminist discussion of gender and freedom becomes more complicated. Susanna presented "Ideas of Freedom in the Historiography of Christian Women Ascetics" on campus, April 2000, as part of the Philosophy Department annual honors symposium.

SOCIOLOGY: "Outside the Abortion Debate: Women's Lives and the Politics of Experience." Amber Marsh [Professor Lisa Avalos]. Public dialogue on abortion does not pay adequate attention to the circumstances of women's lives and to the ways in which women construct moral and practical frameworks for understanding their own experiences with abortion. This project used qualitative data from in-depth interviews to demonstrate how women construct accounts of their abortion experiences that diverge sharply from the terms of the pro-life/pro-choice dichotomy. Attention to women's voices and their own accounts of their experience can bring essential new insights to the public discourse. This summer MAP involved conducting, transcribing, and analyzing twenty supplemental interviews that will be used in a book-length research project. "Women's Accounts of Abortions: The Stories Behind the Debate" was presented the Social Science Student Research Conference in February 2000.

SOCIOLOGY: "Connections between Pornography and Domestic Violence." Jeanette Dennis [Professor Lisa Avalos]. As a Gender and Women's Studies concentrator, this student began with library research and then set up interviews with women in women's shelters in three Iowa cities. She explored the connections between pornography and domestic violence. "Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault: Pornography's Role" was presented the Social Science Student Research Conference in February 2000.

SOCIOLOGY: "How Constructions of Race Shape Marriage and Dating Patterns in the Chinese American and Japanese American Female Communities." Katie Brindley [Professor Susan Ferguson]. This MAP focused on the rates and types of interracial relationships involving Chinese American or Japanese American women. Preliminary investigation of literature about interracial relationships, and a study conducted by Professor Ferguson which used Chinese American and Japanese American women as subjects, has shown that only certain kinds of interracial relationships are acceptable in these communities. The aim of this MAP was to investigate the history of racism and race construction in China and Japan and how the supposed cultural racism in these countries may or may not be linked to second and third generation Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans. The project included an in-depth look at racial hierarchies in the United States, China, and Japan through extensive literature reviews, as well as through analysis of data from Ferguson's study on never married Chinese American and Japanese American women. Results were presented at the Social Science Student Research Conference in February 2000.

SOCIOLOGY: "Ethnographic Study of a Human-Services Learning Organization." Kara Jones, Lucinda Schutzman, Ilana Golin, Lisa Hetzel, Emily Larson [Professor Chris Hunter and Professor Kent McClelland]. Community action (CAP) agencies have rarely been studied in the almost four decades since they were authorized as part of the War On Poverty. This project focused on the pioneering efforts of one CAP agency, MICA (Mid-Iowa Community Action), to recreate itself as a "learning organization" and as a center for creative approaches to helping people out of poverty. The MAP students worked jointly with Kent McClelland and Chris Hunter, using a combination of FFE support and funding from the American Sociological Association's MOST (Minority Opportunities through School Transformation) program. Their individual projects focused on the operation and functions of teams and "team work" at MICA, staff perceptions of their personal contributions to the agency, the perception at MICA of the best balance between formal educational credentials versus experience, the relation between their work and family lives, and the sources of commitment of MICA employees for their work.
Ilana Golin: "Eight Heads Are Better than One: A Discussion of Teams and Teamwork at a Community Center" was presented the Social Science Student Research Conference in February 2000.
Lisa Hetzel: "Dismantling the Hierarchy: Mastery, Control, and Contribution at a Community Action Agency" was presented the Social Science Student Research Conference in February 2000.
Kara Jones :"The Paraprofessional in a Learning Organization: MICA as a Case Study" was presented the Social Science Student Research Conference in February 2000.
Emily Larson: "Family Rhetoric and Perceptions of Work and Family Balance among
Employees and the Administration of a Community Action Agency"
Lucinda Schutzman: "Do you See What I See? Ideology and Tension in a Learning Organization" was presented the Social Science Student Research Conference in February 2000.