Background

Many conditions, such as cancer and heart disease, are caused in part by mutations of specific genes (1). Once the genes that are associated with a condition are identified, genetic tests can be used to determine if individuals possess the genes, thereby giving them an indication of their probability of developing the condition. Very little DNA is needed to perform genetic tests, and the tests can be performed on individuals after birth as well as on developing embryos and fetuses.

Genetic tests for a variety of conditions are currently available, including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, hemochromatosis, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, coronary artery disease, various cancers, and phenylketonuria (PKU) (1, 2). Some of these conditions, such as PKU, can be treated or prevented through lifestyle changes or medical treatments. However, other conditions, such as Huntington's disease, cannot currently be treated or prevented.

The goal of genetic tests is to provide individuals information about their genetic makeup, or the genetic makeup of their future progeny, so that they can gain control of genetically inherited diseases (1). Many ethical issues surround the use of genetic tests, and with the completion of the Human Genome Project, the number of genetic tests available is bound to increase exponentially in the coming years.

This page created by Sarah Evans