HIS 342.01: Stalinism
Fall 2004/Grinnell College
D. H. Kaiser
kaiser@grinnell.edu
http://web.grinnell.edu/individuals/kaiser/

COURSE DESCRIPTION:  This advanced seminar will concentrate upon the major historiographical divide over Stalinist Russia, and evaluate the evidentiary bases that sustain these interpretations. Traditional historiography has concentrated upon the "totalitarian" model, and has depended upon official documents, as well as the memoirs and public statements of major figures and emigrès.  More recent interpretations have sought to complicate the story, and give voice to more ordinary historical actors—as preserved in the archives of the secret police, in private diaries, and in the collections of unprinted denunciations and letters to the editors of Soviet publications and Soviet leaders.  Through scrupulous reading of some major representatives of these views, as well as through careful consideration of representative examples of the various sources, participants in the seminar will develop a better understanding of the historiographical issues and the way that these issues inform historical research.

The first part of the seminar will depend upon our common reading, and will help develop a sense of the different interpretations as well as the kinds of evidence employed, their limitations and strengths, and how they influence more general interpretations of the Stalin era.  Early in the term students will select a project on which to work the whole semester, culminating in a written paper and oral presentation to the seminar.

REQUIRED TEXTS AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE IN BOOKSTORE (one copy of each text is also available on reserve at Burling Library):

Brooks, Jeffrey.  Thank you, comrade Stalin!  Soviet public culture from revolution to Cold War.  Princeton, 2000.

Fitzpatrick, Sheila.  Stalin’s Peasants.  Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization.  Oxford, 1994.

Hoffmann, David.  Stalinist Values:  The cultural norms of Soviet modernity, 1917-1941.  Ithaca, 2003.

Kotkin, Stephen.  Magnetic Mountain:  Stalinism as a civilization.  Berkeley, 1995.

Lugovskaya, Nina.  Diary of a Soviet Schoolgirl, 1932-37.  Trans. Joanne Turnbull.  Evanston, 2003.

Siegelbaum, Lewis, and Andrei Sokolov.  Stalinism as a Way of LifeA narrative in documents (abridged edition).  New Haven, 2004.

Viola, Lynne, ed.  Contending with StalinismSoviet power and popular resistance in the 1930s.  Ithaca, 2002.

ADDITIONAL MATERIALS ON RESERVE IN BURLING LIBRARY (all denoted by an asterisk in the Course Schedule):

Alexpoulos, Golfo.  “Exposing Illegality and Oneself: Complaint and Risk in Stalin’s Russia,” in Reforming Justice, 1864-1996: power, culture, and the limits of the legal order, ed. Peter H. Solomon, Jr.  Armonk, 1997, 168-89.

Cox, Randi.  “All This Can Be Yours!  Commercial Advertising and the Social Construction of Space, 1928-1956,” in The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space, eds. Evgeny Dobrenko and Eric Naiman.  Seattle, 2003, 125-62.

Fitzpatrick, Sheila.  "From Krest'ianskaia Gazeta's Files:  Life Story of a Peasant Striver," Russian History/Histoire russe 24, nos. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 1997):215-26.

Fitzpatrick, Sheila.  "Readers' Letters to Krest'ianskaia Gazeta, 1938," Russian History/Histoire russe  24, nos. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 1997):149-70.

Hellbeck, Jochen.  “Fashioning the Stalinist soul:  the diary of Stepan Podlubnyi, 1931-39,” in Stalinism: new directions, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick.  NY, 2000.  77-116.

Hellbeck, Jochen.  “Self-Realization in the Stalinist System:  Two Soviet Diaries of the 1930s,” in Russian modernity:  politics, knowledge, practices, eds. David L. Hoffmann and Yanni Kotsonis.  NY, 2000.  221-44.  Also in Stalinismus vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.  Neue Wege der Forschung, ed. Manfred Hildermeier.  München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1998.  Pp. 275-90.

Hellbeck, Jochen.  “Writing the Self in the Time of Terror:  Alexander Afinogenov’s Diary of 1937.”  In Self and Story in Russian History, eds. Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler.  Ithaca, 2000.  Pp. 69-93.

Neuberger, Joan.  “The Politics of Bewilderment: Eisenstein’s Ivan the Terrible in 1945,” in Eisenstein at 100: A Reconsideration, eds. Al LaValley and Barry P. Scherr.  New Brunswick, 2001, 227-52.

Perrie, Maureen.  “S. M. Eisenstein’s Film,” in Perrie, The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin’s Russia.  London, 2001, 149-78.

Plamper, Jan.  “The Spatial Poetics of the Personality Cult:  Circles Around Stalin,” in The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space, eds. Evgeny Dobrenko and Eric Naiman.  Seattle, 2003, 19-50.

Scott, John.  Behind the Urals:  An American Worker in Russia’s City of Steel.  Ed. Stephen Kotkin.  Bloomington, 1989.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

Participation in the seminar presumes independent work; timely and responsible execution of the assignments is essential, therefore, to the success of the seminar.  Students should come to the seminar not only having read the assignments, but also prepared to discuss how the readings affect our view of the Stalin era, and how the sources they describe and depend on may enlarge or restrict our understanding.

Each seminar participant will also prepare a major paper (approximately 20 pp.) that either examines a specific kind of source (perhaps letters to the editor, memoirs, reports of foreign observers, novels, cinema, posters, art, etc.) or examines a specific theme of the Stalin era (e.g., collectivization, the Terror, identities, etc.).  In the first case, students will appraise the utility of the source and its limits, making reference to materials we have read in the seminar as well as the larger literature devoted to that source.  Students examining a specific theme will read several monographs devoted to that theme, paying special attention to the sources used and inferences drawn.  They will determine how the new evidence on the 'thirties affects these interpretations.  The instructor will provide some sample paper topics early in the semester, but students are free to select their own topic—in close consultation with the instructor.  All students must declare a paper topic no later than September 15.  Throughout the semester students will have to report—formally—on their progress, supplying a thesis statement and bibliography as stipulated in the syllabus.  Completed papers are due no later than Wednesday, November 24. A revised final written version must be submitted no later than Friday, December 10, 4 PM.  Each student will also be expected to make an oral presentation in class within the last two weeks of the semester (see Course Schedule below).

GRADING:

 

0%

Topic Selected, due 9/15

 

5%

Thesis Statement, due 10/1

 

10%

Bibliography, due 11/1

 

20%

Completed Paper, due 11/24

 

15%

Oral Presentation, as scheduled

 

25%

Final Paper, due 12/10

 

25%

Seminar Participation

COURSE SCHEDULE:

Thursday, 8/26:  Introduction:  Understanding Stalinism—Interpretations & Evidence

Assignment:
Thank You, Comrade Stalin, 3-18
 
Contending with Stalinism (hereafter CWS), 17-43
 
Magnetic Mountain (hereafter MM), 1-25

Stalinist Values (hereafter SV), 1-14

Stalinism as a Way of Life (hereafter SAWOL), 1-26

Tuesday, 8/31:  Stalinism as Performance

Assignment:
Thank You, Comrade Stalin! xiii-xx, 19-53 (skim), 54-158, 192-94, 233-47

Thursday, 9/2:  Making the New Man and New Woman in Magnitogorsk

Assignment:
MM 27-105, photos, 355-73
 
Review John Scott, Behind the Urals

Tuesday, 9/7: Stalinism as a Civilization

Assignment:
MM 147-237, 238-79 (skim), 280-354
 
Halfin and Hellbeck, “Rethinking the Stalinist Subject”

Thursday, 9/9: Fashioning the Self in Stalinist Russia

Assignment:
*Intimacy and Terror, 293-331

*Hellbeck,  “Fashioning the Stalinist soul,” 77-116

*Hellbeck, “Self-Realization,” 275-90

*Hellbeck, “Writing the Self,” 69-93
 
Hellbeck, Jochen. “Speaking Out: Languages of Affirmation and Dissent in Stalinist Russia,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 1, no. 1 (Winter 2000):71-96.
 
Hellbeck, Jochen. “Working, Struggling, Becoming: Stalin-Era Autobiographical Texts,” Russian Review 60, no. 3 (July 2001):340-59; can be accessed on-line via the library catalog (ingenta).  Also reprinted in Language and revolution: the making of modern political identities, ed. Igal Halfin. Portland, 2002, 135-60.

Tuesday, 9/14: Fashioning the Self in Stalinist Russia, 2

Assignment:
*Lugovskaya, Diary of a Soviet Schoolgirl (all)

Wednesday, 9/15: Paper Topic DUE

Thursday, 9/16:  Participating in Stalinism—Voices from Below

Denunciations, Letters to Editor, Letters to Soviet Officials, Svodki
 
Assignment:
Siegelbaum, Lewis. “’Dear comrade, you ask what we need’: socialist paternalism and Soviet rural ‘notables’ in the mid-1930s,” Slavic Review 57(1998):107-38; available on-line via the library’s catalog.
 
*Fitzpatrick, “From Krest’ianskaia Gazeta’s Files,” 215-37

*Fitzpatrick, “Reader’s Letters to Krest’ianskaia Gazeta,” 149-70
 
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. “Signals from Below: Soviet Letters of Denunciation of the 1930s,” Journal of Modern History 68(1996):831-66 (available on-line via the library catalog).
 
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Supplicants and Citizens: Public Letter-Writing in Soviet Russia in the 1930s," Slavic Review 55(1996-97):78-105 (available on-line via the library catalog).
 
*Alexopoulos, “Exposing Illegality and Oneself,” 168-89

Additional Resources (not required):

Lenoe, Matthew E.  “Letter-writing and the State:  Reader correspondence with newspapers as a source for early Soviet history,” Cahiers du Monde russe 40(1999):139-70; available on-line at: http://monderusse.revues.org/document8.html

Rimmel, Lesley A.  “Svodki and popular opinion in Stalinist Leningrad,” Cahiers du Monde russe 40(1999):217-34; available on-line at: http://monderusse.revues.org/document11.html

Davies, Sarah.  “’Us against them’:  social identity in Soviet Russia, 1934-41,” in Stalinism:  New Directions, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick (London, 2000), 47-70.

Davies, Sarah.  “’A Mother’s Cares’:  Women Workers and Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia, 1934-41,” in Women in the Stalin Era, ed. Melanie Ilic (London, 2001), 89-109.

Kozlov, Vladimir A.  “Denunciation and its functions in Soviet governance: from the archive of the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1944-53,” in Stalinism: New Directions, 117-41.

Tuesday, 9/21:  Stalinism as a Way of Life:  Voices from Below

Assignment:
SAWOL 27-163

Thursday, 9/23: Stalinism as  Way of Life: More Voices

Assignment:
SAWOL 164-308

Sunday, 9/26, 7:30 PM, ARH 102: Public Screening of Eisenstein’s Ivan the Terrible, pt. 1

Tuesday, 9/28: Reading Stalinist Discourses:  Cinema 

Assignment:
*Perrie, Maureen, “S. M. Eisenstein’s Film,” in Perrie, The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin’s Russia (London, 2001), 149-78, 226-30. (available on e-reserve)
 
Platt, Kevin M. F., and David Brandenberger, “Terribly Romantic, Terribly Progressive, or Terribly Tragic: Rehabilitating Ivan IV under I. V. Stalin,” Russian Review 58(1999):635-54. Available on-line through the library catalog (ingenta).
 
*Neuberger, Joan. “The Politics of Bewilderment: Eisenstein’s Ivan the Terrible in 1945,” in Eisenstein at 100: A Reconsideration, eds. Al LaValley and Barry P. Scherr (New Brunswick, 2001), 227-52. (available on e-reserve)

Tuesday 9/28, 7:30 PM, ARH 102:  Public Screening of Eisenstein’s Ivan the Terrible, pt. 2

Thursday, 9/30: Reading Stalinist Images:  The Gendered Stalinist Subject

Assignment:
Bonnell, Victoria. “Peasant women in political posters of the 1930s,” ch. 3 of Bonnell,  Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin. Berkeley, 1997, 133-73. Available on-line at: http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public_sociology/bonnell/bonnell.pdf where you can download the text and images.
 
Reid, Susan E. “All Stalin’s Women: Gender and Power in Soviet Art of the 1930s,” Slavic Review 57(1998): 133-73.  Available on-line via the library’s catalog.

Friday, 10/1: Thesis Statement Due

Tuesday, 10/5: Stalinism as Modern Mass Culture

Assignment:
SV 15-190

Thursday, 10/7: Reading the Stalinist Image: Heroes, Consumers, Public Space

Assignment:
*Plamper, Jan. “The Spatial Poetics of the Personality Cult:  Circles Around Stalin,” in The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space, eds. Evgeny Dobrenko and Eric Naiman. Seattle, 2003. 19-50.
 
*Cox, Randi. “All This Can Be Yours! Soviet Commercial Advertising and the Social Construction of Space, 1928-1956,” ibid., 125-62.

Tuesday, 10/12: Stalin’s Peasants: Collectivization from Above

Assignment:
Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants 3-127

Thursday, 10/14: Stalin’s Peasants:  Subaltern Strategies

Assignment:
Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants 128-51, 174-312
A U T U M N   B R E A K

Thursday, 10/26: Resistance to Stalinism 

Assignment:
Rossman, Jeffrey J. “A Workers’ Strike in Stalin’s Russia: The Vichuga Uprising of April, 1932,” in CWS, 44-83.
 
McDonald, Tracy. “A Peasant Rebellion in Stalin’s Russia:  The Pitelinskii Uprising, Riazan, 1930,” ibid., 84-108
 
Northrop, Douglas. “Subaltern Dialogues: Subversion and Resistance in Soviet Uzbek Family Law,” ibid., 109-38
 
Healey, Dan. “Sexual and Gender Dissent: Homosexuality as Resistance in Stalin’s Russia,” ibid., 139-69.
 
Osokina, Elena A. “Economic Disobedience Under Stalin,” ibid., 170-200.

Tuesday, 10/28

No Class
Consultations, Independent Research

Monday, 11/1:  Bibliography Due

Tuesday, 11/2

No Class
Consultations, Independent Research

Thursday, 11/4

No Class
Consultations, Independent Research

Tuesday, 11/9

No Class
Consultations, Independent Research

Thursday, 11/11

No Class
Consultations, Independent Research

Tuesday, 11/16

No Class
Consultations, Independent Research

Thursday, 11/18

No Class
Consultations, Independent Research

Tuesday, 11/23

No Class
Consultations, Independent Research

Wednesday, 11/25PAPERS DUE

T H A N K S G I V I N G   B R E A K

Tuesday, 11/30

Oral Presentations (see guidesheet)

Thursday, 12/2

Oral Presentations (see guidesheet)

Tuesday, 12/7

Oral Presentations (see guidesheet)

Thursday, 12/9

Oral Presentations (see guidesheet)

Friday, 12/10 FINAL DEADLINE FOR REVISED PAPERS

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Reference Materials:

The American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies...  Columbus, Washington, DC, 1965- .  Available on-line for post-1990 publications: http://carousel.lis.uiuc.edu/~absees/absees_online.html

European Bibliography of Soviet, East European and Slavonic Studies. Birmingham, Paris, 1975- . Also accessible on-line: http://www1.msh-paris.fr/betuee/BD_Bibl_Est_accueil_angl.htm

The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the former Soviet Union.  Ed. Archie Brown, Michael Kaser and Gerald S. Smith.  Cambridge, 1994.

The Encyclopedia of Russian History, 4 vols.  Ed. James R. Millar.  NY, 2004.

The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History (after 1991, The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Eurasian History).  Ed. Joseph L. Wieczynski.  Gulf Breeze, 1976- .

Bloomberg, Marty, and Buckley Barry Barrett.  Stalin:  An Annotated Guide to Books in English.  San Bernardino, 1993.

McNeal, Robert H., comp.  Stalin's Works:  An Annotated Bibliography.  Stanford, 1967.

Fitzpatrick, Sheila, and Lynne Viola, eds.  A Researcher's guide to sources on Soviet social history in the 1930s.  Armonk, NY, 1990.

Relevant On-Line Reference Materials:

Stalin-Era Research & Archives Project:  http://www.utoronto.ca/serap

Joseph Stalin Reference Archive:  http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/

The Joseph Stalin Internet Archive:  http://www.ex.ac.uk/Projects/meia/stalin

Revelations from the Russian Archives: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intro.html

Documents from Stalinism as a Way of Life: http://www.yale.edu/annals/siegelbaum/siegelbaum_list.htm

Images from Stalinism as a Way of Life: http://www.yale.edu/annals/siegelbaum/images/siegelbaum_photos.htm

Cathedral of Christ the Savior (inc. video of its 1931 destruction):  http://www.ticketsofrussia.ru/religion/orthodoxy/xxc/destruct/index.htm

Hotel Moskva, 1930s Moscow architecture: http://www.muar.ru/eng/ve/2003/hotel_moscow/index.htm

Stalinist Skyscrapers (Moscow, 1930s-50s buildings): http://www.kommiekomiks.com/stalin.htm

Moscow Metro stations (including historical photos, information on dates of construction, etc; text in Russian): http://www.metro.ru/stations/

Selected Films Of The Stalin Era (Most Available At AV Center In ARH):

Aleksandr Nevskii.  Dir. Sergei Eisenstein, 1938.  RUS-VHS-VT-002/DSK-VD-001
Chapayev.  Dir. S. Vasil’ev, 1934.  Russian Dept.
Circus.  Dir. Grigorii Aleksandrov, 1936.  RUS-VHS-VT-019
Earth.  Dir. Aleksandr Dovzhenko, 1930. RUS-VHS-VT-025
Enthusiasm.  Dir. Dziga Vertov, 1931.  RUS-VHS-VT-008
Happiness.  Dir. Aleksandr Medvedkin, 1934.  RUS-VHS-VT-029
Ivan the Terrible, pt. 1.  Dir. Sergei Eisenstein, 1942.  RUS-VHS-VT-066
Ivan the Terrible, pt. 2.  Dir. Sergei Eisenstein, 1946.  RUS-VHS-VT-067
Jolly Fellows.  Dir. Grigorii Aleksandrov, 1934.  RUS-VHS-VT-031
Peter the First.  Dir. V. Petrov, 1937.
Salt for Svanetia.  Dir. Mikhail Kalatozov, 1930.  RUS-VHS-VT-360
Three Songs for Lenin.  Dir. Dziga Vertov, 1934.  RUS-VHS-VT-050
Turksib.  Dir. Viktor Turin, 1929.  RUS-VHS-VT-052
Volga, Volga!.  Dir. Grigorii Aleksandrov, 1937.  RUS-VHS-VT-053

Some Autobiographical Texts

In the Shadow of Revolution:  Life Stories of Russian Women From 1917 to the Second World War.  Eds. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Yuri Slezkine.  Princeton, 2000.

Intimacy and Terror:  Soviet Diaries of the 1930s.  Eds. Véronique Garros, Natalia Korenevskaya, and Thomas Lahusen.  NY, 1995.

Remembering the Darkness: Women in Soviet prisons.  Ed., trans. Veronica Shapovalov.  Lanham, MD, 2001.

Till my tale is told: women’s memoirs of the Gulag.  Ed. Simeon Vilensky, trans. John Crowfoot, et al.  Bloomington, 1999.

"Show Trial" Transcripts

The Great Purge Trial.  Ed. Robert C. Tucker, Stephen F. Cohen.  NY, 1965.

Report on the Court Proceedings in the case of the anti-Soviet "bloc of Rights and Trotskyites.....  Moscow, 1938.

Report of Court Proceedings in the case of the anti-Soviet Trotskyite centre...   Moscow, 1937.

Report of Court Proceedings.  The Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist centre.  Moscow, 1936.  Reprinted, 1967.  Also available on the web:
http://art-bin.com/art/omoscowtoc.html

Additional Primary Materials

The Stalin-Kaganovich correspondence, 1931-1936.  Ed. R. W. Davies, et al., trans. Steven Shabad.  New Haven, 2003.

Stalin’s Letters to Molotov, 1925-1936.  Ed. Lars T. Lih et al., trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick.  New Haven, 1995.

Makarenko, Anton.  A Book for Parents.  Trans. Robert Daglish.  Moscow, 1954.

Makarenko, his life and works:  articles, talks, and reminiscences.  Moscow, 1963.

Makarenko, Anton.  The road to life: an epic of education.  Trans. Ivy and Tatiana Litvinov.  Moscow, 1955.

Stakhanov, Aleksei.  The Stakhanov Movement explained by its initiator, Alexei Stakhanov.  Moscow, 1939.

Angelina, Praskovia Nikitichna.  My answer to an American questionnaire.  Moscow, 1951.

Posters

Russian Posters 1914-1953: http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~vbonnell/posters.htm

Some posters from the Soviet Union: http://www.funet.fi/pub/culture/russian/html_pages/posters1.html

Cinema

Kenez, Peter.  “Soviet cinema in the age of Stalin,” in ibid., 54-68.

Taylor, Richard.  “’But Eastward, Look, the Land is Brighter’:  Toward a Topography of Utopia in the Stalinist Musical,” in The Landscape of Stalinism:  The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space.  Eds. Evgeny Dobrenko, Eric Naiman.  Seattle, 2003, 201-215.

Turovskaya, Maya.  “The 1930s and 1940s: Cinema in context,” in Stalinism and Soviet Cinema, eds. Richard Taylor and Derek Spring. London, 1993, 34-53.

Photography

“The Five Year Plan: Vintage Photographs”: http://www.schicklerart.com/auto_exh/5Year_x_Ex_0001

Soviet Photography:  An Age of Realism.  Eds. Sergei Morozov, et al.  NY, 1984.

Tupitsyn, Margarita.  The Soviet Photograph, 1924-1937.  New Haven, 1996.

Painting

Iskusstvo pervoi piatiletki:  zhivopis’ [Art of the First Five-Year Plan], ed. Anatolii Mikhailovich Vysotskii.  M, 1983.

Iskusstvo vtoroi piatiletki:  zhivopis’ [Art of Second Five-Year Plan], ed. Emma Nikolaevna Pugacheva.  M, 1984.

Bown, Matthew Cullerne.  Art under Stalin.  NY, 1991.

Stamps

Dobrenko, Evgeny.  “The Art of Social Navigation: The Cultural Topography of the Stalin Era,” in The Landscape of Stalinism:  The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space, eds. Evgeny Dobrenko and Eric Naiman.  Seattle, 2003, 163-200. [Stalin-era stamps]

Karachun, D., and V. Karlinskii, Pochtovye marki SSSR (1918-1968) [Postage Stamps of the USSR 1918-1968].  Moscow, 1969.

Katalog pochtovykh marok SSSR: 1918-1980 [Catalog of postage stamps of USSR, 1918-1980], 2 vols. Moscow, 1983-84).


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