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In 1957 the SPD felt certain that Adenauer had made himself vulnerable when he publicly called for the Bundeswehr to be equipped with nuclear weapons. It again sought to make the issue of rearmament central to that year's election campaign. Most voters had grown more fearful than ever of Soviet expansionism, however, after Red Army tanks had brutally suppressed a popular uprising in Budapest in November 1956.

"Atomic arms lead to mass death: The SPD warns and exhorts" (campaign placard, 1957)