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The SPD sought to revive the peace movement at a major rally held in the same Church in Frankfurt a.M. where the National Assembly had met in 1848, a rally that attracted a number of distinguished Protestant theologians and trade union leaders. The Vatican and Catholic episcopate sharply condemned the peace movement in the name of anti-communism, however, which limited the political risk for the CDU.

The "German Manifesto," issued at St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt, 29 January 1955