ANT 295

Mothers and Infants – Spring 2005

V. Bentley-Condit Goodnow 307; Ext.4305

bentleyc@grinnell.edu Office Hrs: M,W,F 11a-3p

DESCRIPTION: In this course, we will examine mother-infant relationships and infant development across the primate order and cross-culturally from an evolutionary perspective. Topics will include but are not limited to: parent investment theory, parent-offspring conflict theory, attachment theory, conception, pregnancy, gestation, lactation, human and nonhuman primate infant development and trajectories, infant sex differences, and infanticide.

TEXTS AND OTHER COURSE MATERIALS:

1) Altmann, J. 2001. Baboon Mothers and Infants, 2^nd ed. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.

2) Goldsmith, T. 1994. The Biological Roots of Human Nature. Oxford University Press: NY.

3) Hrdy, S.B. 2000. Mother Nature: Maternal Instincts and How They Shape the Human Species. Ballantine Books: New York.

4) Blackboard Readings (BR#1-BR#25).

EXAMS, PAPERs, GRADING:

1) Exams: 3 @ 20% = 60% - Three in-class exams will be given, each covering approximately 1/3 of the course materials.

2) Final Paper: 25% - A 7-9 page paper on the topic of your choice – relative to mothers and infants, of course. However, this paper must include biological or evolutionary data/perspectives. A first draft of the paper will be due on Tuesday, 03MAY. More details will be provided later in the semester regarding paper expectations and the workshopping process.

3) Participation: 15% - It is your responsibility to complete the readings/assignments before the class for which they are assigned and to participate in class discussions. Lack of participation and absences are noted. Both will negatively affect your course grade. In short, ABSENCES ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE.

SYLLABUS:

DATES

TOPIC(S)

ASSIGNMENT(S)

Wk 1:

24JAN – 28JAN

Evolutionary Theory

24^th – NA; Preliminaries

26^th – Goldsmith Preface-2

28^th – Goldsmith 3-4

Wk 2:

31JAN – 04FEB

Evolutionary Theory & Motherhood in Nonhuman Primates

31^st – Goldsmith 5-6

2^nd – Goldsmith 7-Epilogue

4^th – Altmann Forward – 3

Wk 3:

07FEB – 11FEB

Motherhood in NHP’s (cont)

7^th – Altmann 4-5

9^th – Altmann 6

11^th – Altmann 7-8

Wk 4:

14FEB-16FEB

Motherhood in NHP’s (cont)

14^th – Altmann 9-10

16^th – EXAM 1

Wk 4 (cont):

18FEB

Intro to The Biology & Evolution of Human Motherhood

18^th - Hrdy Preface-2

Wk 5:

21FEB

Intro to … (cont)

21^st – Hrdy 3-5

Wk 5 (cont):

23FEB – 25FEB

The Human Female Reproduct. System & Cycle

Fertilization/Conception & The Embryo

23^rd – Rosen & Cedars BR #1

25^th –Scjeier & Black BR #2;

Tanner BR#3

Wk 6:

28FEB – 04MAR

Gestation/Pregnancy &

Parturition/Giving Birth

28^th – Haig BR#4

2^nd – Profet BR#5

4^th – Trevathan BR#6

Sullivan BR#7

Wk 7:

07MAR – 11MAR

Birth &

Lactation/Nursing

7^th – Konner & Shostak BR#8

9^th – Konner & Worthman BR#9;

Hrdy,6

11^th – Vitzthum BR#10

Wysolmerski BR#11

Kalkwarf BR#12

Wk 8:

14MAR – 18MAR

14^th – McKenna BR#13

16^th – EXAM 2

18^th – CLASS CANCELLED

JSPRING BREAK!!! Õ

Wk 9:

04APR – 08APR

The Mother-Infant Bond/ Attachment, Parental Investment, & Parent-Offspring Conflict

4^th – Blurton-Jones BR#14

6^th – Trivers BR#15; Trivers BR#16

8^th – Ainsworth BR#17;

van den Boom BR#18

Wk 10:

11APR – 15APR

(cont)

11^th – Hrdy 7,8

13^th – DeVore & Konner BR#19;

Ainsworth BR#20

15^th – Hrdy 12, 13

Wk 11:

18APR – 22APR

The Infant’s Point of View

18^th – Hrdy 15, 17;

Harper BR#21

20^th – Hrdy 19, 21,24

22^nd – Ziefman BR#22;

Furlow BR#23

Wk 12:

25APR – 29APR

(cont) &

Broader Implications

25^th – Brett & Niermyer BR#24

27^th – Pedersen BR#25

29^th – EXAM 3

Wk 13:

02MAY – 06MAY

Paper Workshopping

2^nd – Small Group Meeting

4^th – Small Group Meeting

6^th – Small Group Meeting

Wk 14:

09MAY – 13MAY

Paper Workshopping & Wrap-up

9^th – Small Group Meeting

11^th – Small Group Meeting

13^th – Wrap-up

18MAY04 - Wednesday

FINAL PAPER DUE – 5pm

Bibliography for Blackboard Readings

1) Rosen, M.; Cedars, M. 2004. Female reproductive endocrinology and infertility. In: Basic & Clinical Endocrinology, 7^th ed. Greenspan, F.; Gardner, D. (eds). McGraw Hill. pp. 511-563.

2) Scheuer, L.; Black, S. 2004. Ch 3 – Early embryonic development. In: The Juvenile Skeleton. Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 47-53.

3) Tanner, J. 1989. Ch 3 – Growth before birth & Ch 4 – Sex differentiation up to puberty. In: Fetus Into Man. Harvard University Press. pp. 36-57.

4) Haig, D. 1993. Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. The Quarterly Review of Biology 68:495-532.

5) Profet, M. 1992. Pregnancy sickness as adaptation: A deterrent to maternal ingestion of teratogens. In: The Adapted Mind. Barkow, J.; Cosmides, L.; Tooby, J. (eds). Oxford University Press. pp. 327-365.

6) Trevathan, W. 1999. Evolutionary obstetrics. In: Evolutionary Medicine. Trevathan, W.; Smith, E.O.; McKenna, J. (eds). Oxford University Press. pp. 183-207.

7) Sullivan, F. 1993. Impact of the environment on reproduction from conception to parturition. Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements 101:13-18.

8) Konner, M.; Shostak, M. 1987. Timing and management of birth among the !Kung: Biocultural interaction I reproductive adaptation. Cultural Anthropology 2:11-28.

9) Konner, M.; Worthman, C. 1980. Nursing frequency, gonadal function, and birth spacing among !Kung hunter-gatherers. Science 207:788-791.

10) Vitzthum, V. 1997. Flexibility and paradox: The nature of adaptation in human reproduction. In: The Evolving Female. Morbeck, M.; Galloway, A.; Zihlman, A. (eds). Princeton University Press. pp. 242-258.

11) Wysolmerskik J. 2002. The evolutionary origins of maternal calcium and bone metabolism during lactation. Journal of MammaryGland Biology and Neoplasia 7:267-276.

12) Kalkwarf, H. 2004. Lactation and maternal bone health. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology 504:101-114.

13) McKenna, J.; Moskow, S.; Richard, C. 1999. Breast-feeding and mother-infant cosleeping in relation to SIDS prevention. . In: Evolutionary Medicine. Trevathan, W.; Smith, E.O.; McKenna, J. (eds). Oxford University Press. pp. 53-74.

14) Blurton Jones, N. 1972. Comparative aspects of mother-child contact. In: Ethological Studies of Child Behaviour. Blurton Jones, N. (ed). Cambridge University Press. pp. 305-328.

15) Trivers, R. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Sexual Selection and The Descent of Man 1871-1971. Campbell, B. (ed). Aldine Publishing Company. Pp. 136-179.

16) Trivers, R. 1974. Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist 14:249-264.

17) Ainsworth, M. 1977. Attachment theory and its utility in cross-cultural research. In: Culture & Infancy. Leiderman, P.; Tulkin, S.; Rosenfeld, A. (eds). Academic Press. pp. 49-67.

18) Van den Boom, D. 2001. First attachments: theory and research. In: Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development. Bremner, G.; Fogel, A. (eds). Blackwell Publishers. Pp. 296-325.

19) DeVore, I.; Konner, M. 1974. Infancy in hunter-gatherer life: An ethological perspective. In: Ethology & Psychiatry. White, N. (ed). University of Toronto Press. pp. 113-141.

20) Ainsworth, M. 1977. Infant development and mother-infant interaction among Ganda and American families. In: Culture & Infancy. Leiderman, P.; Tulkin, S.; Rosenfeld, A. (eds). Academic Press. pp. 119-149.

21) Harper, L. 1971. The young as a source of stimuli controlling caretaker behavior. Developmental Psychology 4:73-88.

22) Ziefman, D. 2001. An ethological analysis of human infant crying: Answering Tinbergen’s four questions. Developmental Psychobiology 39:265-285.

23) Furlow, F.B. 1997. Human neonatal cry quality as an honest signal of fitness. Evolution and Human Behavior 18:175-193.

24) Brett, J.; Niermeyer, S. 1999. Is neonatal jaundice a disease or an adaptive process? obstetrics. In: Evolutionary Medicine. Trevathan, W.; Smith, E.O.; McKenna, J. (eds). Oxford University Press. pp. 7-25.

25) Pedersen, C. 2004. How love evolved from sex and gave birth to intelligence and human nature. Journal of Bioeconomics 6:39-63.